Sáng kiến kinh nghiệm Cách sử dụng lượng từ trong Tiếng Anh dành cho học sinh Trung học Cơ sở

Nội dung tóm tắt: Sáng kiến kinh nghiệm Cách sử dụng lượng từ trong Tiếng Anh dành cho học sinh Trung học Cơ sở

1. I can’t find any nails. I never have any spare time. We’re won hardly any games this season. d/ Any thường được dùng trong câu hỏi và nó để dạng câu trả lời mở. Have you got any nails? Yes/ No / I don’t know. - But we use some to give the question a more positive tone, especially when making an offer or request. It suggests that we expect the answer “yes”. Did you catch some fish? (I expect you caught some fish). Could you lend me some money. (Please lend me some money). e/ Trong mệnh đề “If”, chúng ta có thể chọn some hoặc any. Some is more positive. VD. If you need some/ any help, do let me know. - Chúng ta có thể dùng ‘any’ trong mệnh đề chính để diễn tả 1 điều kiện. VD. Any problems will be dealt with by our agent. (If there are any problem, they with be dealt with by our agent). f/ Từ ghép với some hoặc any. There was someone in the phonebox. There isn’t anywhere to leave our coat. Could you do something for me? Have you got anything/ some thing suitable to wear? 2. No a.‘No’ là danh từ phủ định. No + Countable noun. + Uncountable no. There is no alternative. There are no rivers in Saudi Arabia. b/ Chúng ta có thể dùng ‘no’ với chủ ngữ, nhưng không thể dùng “any”. - No warning was given. - Not: Any warning was not given. c/ Chúng ta bắt buộc dùng No với một danh từ. 3. “Some” expressing part of a quantity. - Some mang nghĩa “some but not all”. 12
2. Some fish can change their sex. Some trains have a restaurant car. - So sánh 2 nghĩa của “some”. Some people enjoy quiz shows = some but not all. There were some people in the garden. = some but not very many. 4. Cách dùng đặc biệt của “any” a. Đôi khi ta dùng “any” với nghĩa “It doesn’t matter which” You can choose any colour you like. Play any music. I don’t mind what you play. b. So sánh “either” và “any”: Two: There are two colours. You can have either of them. (= one of the two). There or more: There are several colours. You can have any of them (= one of the several.) c. Ta có thể dùng từ ghép với any. VD.The door isn’t locked. Anyone can just walk in. 5. Cách dùng đặc biệt của ‘some’. - Some + singular noun có thể có nghĩa là một người không xác định hoặc một điều không xác định. Some idiot dropped a milk bottle. The flight was delayed for some rearon. (Some idiot means “an unknown idiot”. It si not important who the idiot is) - Some day/ time: có nghĩa là một thời gian không xác định trong tương lai. I’ll be famous some day/ one day. You must come and see me some time. -‘Some’có thể diễn tả cảm giác mạnh mẽ về một cái gì đó. VD.That was some parade (wasn’t it?) Ở đây “some” là đại từ. Nó có nghĩa là cuộc diễu hành thì đặc biệt, có lẽ là một cuộc diễu hành lớn và ấn tượng. “Some” before a number means “about”. Some twenty people attended the meeting. IV. Các từ chỉ lượng khác. 1. Enough và plenty of. a. Ta có thể dùng “enough” trước một danh từ số nhiều hoặc một danh từ không đếm được. 13
3. There aren’t enough people to play that game. Have we enough time for a quick coffee? - Ta có thể sử dụng “enough” với “of” VD.We’ve written enough of this essay for today. b. “Plenty of” có nghĩa là “more than enough” There’ll be plenty of people to lend a hand. Yes, we’ve got plenty of time. * Chú ý: We use “plenty of” to talk about something which is a good thing. For “more than enough” in a bad sense we use ‘too many/ too much’. -The store was very crowed. There were too many people to look round properly. 2. Another và some more. a. Another and some more diễn tả ‘extra quantity’. - another + a singular noun. - some more + a plural or uncountable noun. singular: Have another sausage. – No, thanks. I’ve had enough. plural: Have some more beans._ Thank you. uncountable: Have some more cheese. _Yes, I will. Thank you. b. Another có thể mang nghĩa ‘an extra one’ hoặc ‘a different one’. We really need another car. One isn’t enough for us. (= an extra one) I’m going to sell this car and get another one. (= a different one) c. Trong một vài ngữ cảnh, ta dùng any hơn dùng some. There aren’t any more sausages, I’m afraid. Trước more ta có thể dùng: a lot, lots, many, much, a few, a little and a bit. 3. Other. a. Other là một tính từ có nghĩa là ‘different’. You are supposed to go out through the other door. - Có thể dùng other/ others mà không có danh từ đi kèm để ám chỉ ‘things hoặc ‘people’. You take one bag and I’ll take the other one. They ate half the sandwiches. The others / the rest were thrown away. Some pubs serve food, but others don’t. Chú ý. -The other day/ week nghĩa là ‘recently, not long ago’. 14
4. I saw Miranda the other day. b. Ta sử dụng another trước ‘a number + noun’ We were enjoying ourselves so much we decided to stay on for another three days/ for three more days.( Here we are talking about an extra period, an extra number of days.) - Ta có thể dùng other (= diferent) sau a number. There are two other rooms/ two more rooms/ another two room upstais. V. Quantifiers without a noun. - Ta có thể dùng a quantifier mà không kèm theo một danh từ, dùng như một đại từ. Two have car parks. Some sell food. None stay open all night. - Ta có thể dùng mẫu này với of. Many of them also have hairdressing salons. -Ta có thể dùng each mà không có một danh từ đi kèm.( với every thì không) Each can choose its own half day. - Ta không thể dùng no mà không có danh từ kèm theo. There are several routes up the mountain. None of them are easy. -Ta có thể dùng mẫu này với a lot, plenty .( khi không có danh từ đi kèm, ta không dùng of) A lot serve lunches If you want to climb a mountain. There are plenty to choose from. - Khi dùng với of thì phải có một danh từ hoặc đại từ theo sau. A lot (of them/of the stores) serve lunches. 2) Tổng hợp cách sử dụng một số lượng từ thông dụng thông qua các bảng tóm tắt, có ví dụ minh họa cụ thể với các phần sau: a. Expressions of quantity. - Một số lượng từ chỉ được dùng với danh từ đếm được, một số lại chỉ dùng với danh từ không đếm được và một vài lượng tự lại dùng với cả danh từ đếm được và không đếm được. - Chúng ta quan sát bảng sau đây. 15
5. Expressions of Quantity Used with count nouns Used with noncount nouns One, each One apple Ø every Each apple Ø Every apple Ø Two Two apples Ø Both Both apples Ø A couple of A couple of apples Ø Three, etc Three apples Ø A few A few apples Ø Several Sevral apples Ø Many Many apples Ø A number of A number of apples Ø A little Ø A little rice Much Ø Much rice A great deal of Ø A great deal of rice Not any /no Not any / no apples Not any / no rice Some Some apples Some rice A lot of A lot of apples A lot of rice Lots of lost of apples Lots of rice Plenty of Plenty of apples Plenty of rice Most Most apples Most rice all All apples All rice b.Using “ of “ in expressions of Quantity. -Sau đây là các lượng từ thông dụng được dùng với “of” * Most + nonspecific noun. In (a) The speaker is not referring to a, Most books are interesting. specific books The speaker is not b, Incorrect: Most of books are referring “Those books” or “your interesting. books “or “the books written by Mark Twain”. The noun “books” is nonspecific. In(b). The word “of” is not added to an expresstion of quantity (eg most) If the noun it modifies is non specific. * Most+of+ specific nouns. - A noun is specific when it is c, Most of those books are mine. preceded by: d, Most of my books are English. +This, that, these, those, as in (c) : OR 16
6. e, Most of the books on that table are + my, John’s, their (any possessive) mine. as in (d), OR + The , as in (e) -When a noun is specific, of is used with an expression of quantity. * Expressions of quantity followed by of + a specific noun. + all, most, some/any +of + specific plural count noun, as in (f). + many, (a) few, several, both, two, one + of + specific plural count noun or noncount noun, as in (g) + much, (a) little + of + specific noncount noun, as in (h). (f) Count: Most of those chairs are uncomfor table. Noncount: Most of that furniture is uncomfortable. (g) Count: Many of those chairs are uncomfortable (h) Noncount: Much of that furniture is uncomfrtable. + Note: “of” is always a part of the following expressions of quantity, whether the noun is nonspecific or specific: a lot of / lots of, a couple of, plenty of, a great deal of. - Nonspecific: I’ve read a lot of books. - Specific: I’ve read a lot of those books. c. Singular expressions of Quantity: one, each, every. a. One student was late to class. One, each and Every được b. Each student has a schedule. theo sau bởi danh từ đếm được c. Every student has a schedule. số ít. d. One of the students was late to class. - One of, each of, every one of e. Each (one) of the students has a schedule. được theo sau bởi danh từ số f. Every one of the students has a schedule. nhiều cụ thể. * Ta so sánh các từ sau: + Every one (phát âm 2 từ) là chỉ lượng từ. Eg: I have read every one of those books. + Everyone (phát âm là 1 từ) là 1 đại từ không xác định. Nó có nghĩa tương tự “everybody” Eg: Everyone/ Every body has a schedule. d. Subject verb Agreement: Using Expresions of Quantity. 17
7. Sing ular verb Plural verb (a) Some of the (b) Some of the - The verb is determined by the noun (or book is good books are good pronoun) that follows “of” in most expressions (c) A lot of the (d) A lot of my of quantity. Notice in.(a) & (b): equipment is new. friends are here. - Some of + singular noun + singular verb (e) Two – thirds of (f) Two – thirds - Some of + plural noun + plural verb. the money is of the pennies mine. are mine. (g) One of my * EXCEPTIONS: One of/ each of and every fiends is here one of + singular verb (h) Each of my One of friends is here Each of + Plural noun + singular verb. (i) Every one of Every one of my friends is here. (j) None of the (k) None of the - Subjects with “none of” are considered boys is here. boys are here. singular in very formal English, but plural verbs (Informal) are often used in informal speech and writing. (e) The number of (m) A number * Compare: In (l) the number is the subject. In students in the of students were (m) A number of is an expression of quantity class is fifteen. late for class meaning “a lot of”. It is followed by a plural noun and a plural verb. e- Using A FEW and FEW; A LITTLE and LITTLE. (a) She has been here only two weeks, A few and a little* A few but she has already made a few friends. give a positive idea; (Positive idea: She has made some friends.) they indicate that A little (b) I’m very pleased. I’ve been able to save a something exists, is little money this month. present, as in (a) and (Pasitive idea: I have saved some money (b). instead of spending all of it.) Few (c) I feel sorry for her. She has (very) few Few and little friends. (without a) give a (Negative idea: She does not have many negative idea; they friends; she has almost no friends.) indicate that Little something is largely (d) I have (very) little money. I don’t even absent. 18
8. enough money to buy food for dinner. Very (+ few/ little) (Negative idea: I do not have much money; I makes the negative have almost no money.) idea stronger, the number/ amount smaller. f. Using ‘ALL’ (a) CORRECT: All of the students in my When a noun is specific (e.g., class are here. the students), using of after all (b) CORRECT: All the students in my class is optional. are here. (c) CORRECT: All students must have an When a noun is nonspecific, of I.D. card. does NOT follow all. (d) INCORRECT: All of students must have an I.D. card. (e) I know both (of) those men. Simiarly, using of after both is optional when the noun is specific. 3) Chuẩn bị bài dạy thật tốt với nội dung lý thuyết và chọn các dạng bài tập sát với nội dung lý thuyết đã dạy. EXAMPLES: EX1. Using a few/ few; a little/little Directions: Without substantially changing the meaning of the sentence, replace the italicized words with a few, (very) few, a little, or (very) little. 1. I think that some lemon juice on fish makes it taste better. 2. Many people are multilingual, but not many people speak more than ten languages. 3. Some sunshine is better than none. 4. January is a cold and dreary month in the north states. There is not much sunshine during that month. 5. My parents like to watch TV. Every evening thay watch two or three programs on TV before they go to bed. 6. I don’t watch TV very much because there are hardly any televison programs that I enjoy. 7. If a door squeaks several drops of oil in the right places can prevent future trouble. 8. If your door squeaks, put some oil on the hinges. 19
9. 9. Mr. Adams doesn’t like to wear rings on his fingers. He wears almost no jewely. 10. You might reach your goal if you put forth some more effort. 11. Even though the mountain is very steep and the climb is hazardous, several strong-willed people have managed to reach the top. 12. The number of people in the world who are willing to risk their lives climbing a dangerous mountain is small. Not very many people will actually face death to climb a mountain. Key: 1. a little 2. (very) few 3. A little 4. (very) little 5. a few 6. (very) few 7. a few 8. a little 9. (very) little 10. a little 11. a few 12. (very) few EX2. If the given noun can be used to complete the sentence, write it in its correct from (singular or plural). If the given noun cannot be used to complete the sentence, write Ø 1. Helen bought several . 3. Sam bought a lot of lamp lamps stamp furniture Ø rice jewely Ø stuff necklace necklaces thing 2. Jack bought too much 4. Alice bought a couple of shoe . bread . salt . loaf of bread equipment honey . tool jar of honey 5. I read a few 6. I bought some novel orange juice literature light blub poem hardware poetry computer stofware Key: 1. lamps 2. Ø 3. stamps Ø salt rice Ø quipment stuff necklaces Ø things 4. Ø 5. novels 6. orange juice loaves of bread Ø light bulbs Ø poems hardware jars of honey Ø computer software 20
10. EX3. Using one, each, every Directions: Choose the correct word in italics. 1. Each student, students in the class is required to take the final examination. 2. Each of the student, students in the class is required to take the final examination. 3. There is at least one window in every room, rooms in our apartment. 4. Every one of the room, rooms in our apartment has at least one window. 5. My bedroom has only one, very small window, windows. 6. One of the smallest window, windows in our apartment is my bedroom. 7. When john bought some supplies at the hardware store, he thought the total amount on the bill was incorrect, so he checked each item,items on his bill very carefully. 8. Each of the item, items on the bill was correct. 9. Sussan has traveled widely, but she has has visited only one Scandinavian country, countries. 10. Alex took an extended vacation in northem Europe last summer. Swden was one of the country, countries he visited when he was in Scandinavia. 11. Tom believes that there are no strangers. He views each person, people in the world as a friend he hasn’t met yet. 12. I answered every question, questions on the examination. I didn’t skip any. 13. Each one of the child, children in the classwas given a piece of paper and a crayon. Each child, children drew a picture. 14. Hunger is one of the biggest problem, problems in the world today. 15. Each of the applicant, applicants for the scholarship is required to furnish five references (that is, names of people who are willing to write letters of recommendation). KEY 1. Student 7. Item 12.Question 2. Students 8. Items 13.Children child 3. room 9. Country 14.Problems 4. rooms 10.Countries 15.applicants 5. window 11.person 6. windows EX4. Subject - verb agrrement Choose the correct completion for the sentence. 21
11. 1. The number of students who knew the answer to the last question on the exam was, were very low. 2. Studying a foreign language often leads lead students to leam about the culture of the countries where it is spoken. 3. The United States of America consists, consist of fifty separate states. 4. Two hours is, are too long to wait, don’tyou think? 5. Isn’t, Aren’t Portuguese spoken in Brazil? 6. A lot of Brazilians speaks and understands, speak and understand Spanish. 7. Why is, are the police standing over there? 8. Why does, do most of the television stations broadcast national news at the same hour? 9. Some of the most imporatant books for my report is, are not availale in the school library. 10. There has, have been times when I have seriously considered dropping out of school. 11. Not one of the men in the original group of U.S. astronauts continues; continue in the space program today. 12. The news on the radio and TV stations confims, confirm that a serious storm is approaching our city. 13.Geography is, are fascinating. Mathematics is, are fascinating. 14. Mathematics and geography is, are my favorite subjects. 15. All of the windows in our house was, were broken in the earthquake. 16. By law, every man, woman, and child is, are guaranteed the right to free speech. 17. Some of the movie about the creatures from outer space was, were surprisingly funny. 18. Some of the movies these days contains, contain too much violence. 19. Is, Are pineapple and sugar the leading crops in Hawaii today? 20. Why is, are there a shortage of certified school teachers at the present time? KEY. 1. was 7. are 14.are 2. leads 8. do 15.were 3. consists 9. are 16.is 4. is 10.have 17.was 5. isn’t 11.continues 18. contain 6. speak and understand 12.confirms 19.are 13.is .is 20.is 22
12. 4) Áp dụng phương pháp mới, ứng dụng công nghệ thông tin và lựa chọn phương pháp- kĩ thuật dạy học phù hợp cho từng đối tượng học sinh. 5) Phân loại học sinh để đưa ra dạng bài phù hợp, giúp các em tiến bộ dần dần. 6) Trong quá trình giảng dạy, giáo viên cần bình tĩnh, không nên nóng vội để giảng ngay một cấu trúc mà học sinh chưa trả lời được. Cần gợi mở, nêu vấn đề để các em tự rút ra cấu trúc và áp dụng có hiệu quả. 7) Cho học sinh học bằng sơ đồ tư duy để các em dễ hiểu kiến thức, giúp các em hình thành thói quen kỹ năng hệ thống một vấn đề. Từ đó các em sẽ làm bài tập Tiếng Anh một cách dễ dàng hơn. 7.2. Hiệu quả của sáng kiến: Việc vận dụng SKKN này bản thân tôi đã đạt được một số kết quả hết sức khả quan. Trước hết những kinh nghiệm này phù hợp với chương trình, với SGK. học sinh hứng thú học tập, chủ động, sáng tạo hơn, không khí học tập sôi nổi, nhẹ nhàng. Học sinh có cơ hội khẳng định mình, không còn lúng túng, lo ngại khi vào giờ học ngữ pháp. Và đây cũng chính là những nguyên nhân đi đến những kết quả tương đối khả quan. * Kết qủa trước khi áp dụng đề tài: Bài kiểm tra đánh giá chất lượng STT Lớp Sĩ số Giỏi Khá TB Yếu Kém 1 6A 41 1 10 24 6 0 2 6B 41 0 5 21 15 0 3 7A 38 3 18 13 4 0 4 7B 37 0 5 20 12 0 * Kết quả sau khi áp dụng đề tài: Bài kiểm tra đánh giá chất lượng STT Lớp Sĩ số Giỏi Khá TB Yếu Kém 1 6A 41 5 6 30 0 0 2 6B 41 0 10 31 0 0 3 7A 38 3 25 10 0 0 4 7B 37 0 10 27 0 0 23
13. 7.3. Về khả năng áp dụng của sáng kiến: có tính khả thi, áp dụng rộng rãi cho các cấp học đặc biệt là cấp THCS. 8. Những thông tin cần được bảo mật: không 9. Các điều kiện cần thiết để áp dụng sáng kiến: - GV nắm vững kiến thức chuyên môn nghiệp vụ và có phương pháp giảng dạy phù hợp đặc trưng bộ môn. - HS ham học và nhận thức rõ về tầm quan trọng và tác dụng của việc học tốt môn tiếng Anh. 10. Đánh giá lợi thu được của sáng kiến: - Học sinh đã biết làm tốt các bài tập có liên quan đến Lượng từ. - Học sinh hứng thú học tập, chủ động, sáng tạo hơn, không khí học tập sôi nổi, nhẹ nhàng. - Học sinh có cơ hội khẳng định mình, không còn lúng túng, lo ngại khi vào giờ học ngữ pháp. 11. Danh sách những tổ chức/cá nhân đã tham gia áp dụng thử hoặc áp dụng sáng kiến lần đầu: Số Tên tổ chức/cá nhân Địa chỉ Phạm vi/Lĩnh vực TT áp dụng sáng kiến 1 Dương Thị Thu Trang THCS Khai Quang Giảng dạy môn Tiếng Anh 2 Học sinh các lớp 6A, 6B, THCS Khai Quang Học tập môn Tiếng Anh 7A, 7B , ngày tháng năm 2016 Khai Quang, ngày 03 tháng 03 năm2016 Xác nhận của Thủ trưởng đơn vị Tác giả sáng kiến (Ký tên, đóng dấu) (Ký, ghi rõ họ tên) Dương Thị Thu Trang PHÒNG GD&ĐT XÁC NHẬN 24